package org.opentrafficsim.road.gtu.generator;
   
   import java.util.ArrayList;
   import java.util.Collections;
   import java.util.Comparator;
   import java.util.Iterator;
   import java.util.LinkedHashMap;
   import java.util.LinkedHashSet;
   import java.util.List;
  import java.util.Map;
  import java.util.Map.Entry;
  import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
  import java.util.Set;
  import java.util.SortedSet;
  import java.util.function.Function;
  import java.util.function.Supplier;
  
  import org.djunits.unit.DurationUnit;
  import org.djunits.unit.LengthUnit;
  import org.djunits.value.vdouble.scalar.Acceleration;
  import org.djunits.value.vdouble.scalar.Duration;
  import org.djunits.value.vdouble.scalar.Length;
  import org.djunits.value.vdouble.scalar.Speed;
  import org.djutils.data.ListTable;
  import org.djutils.data.Row;
  import org.djutils.data.Table;
  import org.djutils.exceptions.Throw;
  import org.djutils.immutablecollections.ImmutableLinkedHashMap;
  import org.djutils.immutablecollections.ImmutableMap;
  import org.djutils.multikeymap.MultiKeyMap;
  import org.opentrafficsim.base.parameters.ParameterException;
  import org.opentrafficsim.core.distributions.Generator;
  import org.opentrafficsim.core.distributions.ProbabilityException;
  import org.opentrafficsim.core.gtu.GtuCharacteristics;
  import org.opentrafficsim.core.gtu.GtuException;
  import org.opentrafficsim.core.gtu.GtuType;
  import org.opentrafficsim.core.network.Link;
  import org.opentrafficsim.core.network.Network;
  import org.opentrafficsim.core.network.NetworkException;
  import org.opentrafficsim.core.network.Node;
  import org.opentrafficsim.core.network.route.Route;
  import org.opentrafficsim.road.gtu.generator.LaneBasedGtuGenerator.Placement;
  import org.opentrafficsim.road.gtu.generator.LaneBasedGtuGenerator.RoomChecker;
  import org.opentrafficsim.road.gtu.generator.characteristics.LaneBasedGtuCharacteristics;
  import org.opentrafficsim.road.gtu.generator.characteristics.LaneBasedGtuCharacteristicsGenerator;
  import org.opentrafficsim.road.gtu.lane.VehicleModel;
  import org.opentrafficsim.road.gtu.lane.perception.headway.HeadwayGtu;
  import org.opentrafficsim.road.gtu.strategical.LaneBasedStrategicalPlannerFactory;
  import org.opentrafficsim.road.network.lane.CrossSectionLink;
  import org.opentrafficsim.road.network.lane.Lane;
  import org.opentrafficsim.road.network.lane.LanePosition;
  import org.pmw.tinylog.Logger;
  
  import nl.tudelft.simulation.jstats.streams.StreamInterface;
  
  /**
   * Injections can be used to have a large degree of control over GTU generation. Depending on the information provided in an
   * injections table, this class may be used in conjunction with {@code LaneBasedGtuGenerator} as a:
   * <ol>
   * <li>{@code Generator<Duration>} for inter-arrival times</li>
   * <li>{@code LaneBasedGtuCharacteristicsGenerator} through {@code asLaneBasedGtuCharacteristicsGenerator}</li>
   * <li>{@code GeneratorPositions}</li>
   * <li>{@code RoomChecker}</li>
   * <li>{@code Supplier<String>} for GTU ids</li>
   * </ol>
   * It is assumed that for each next GTU, first an inter-arrival time is requested. Functions 2 and 3 will not check order and
   * simply return information from the current row in the injections table. Function 4 and 5 are tracked independently and
   * asynchronous with the rest, as these occur at later times when GTUs are (attempted to be) placed.
   * <p>
   * Copyright (c) 2022-2024 Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5, 2600 AA, Delft, the Netherlands. All rights reserved. <br>
   * BSD-style license. See <a href="https://opentrafficsim.org/docs/license.html">OpenTrafficSim License</a>.
   * </p>
   * @author <a href="https://github.com/averbraeck">Alexander Verbraeck</a>
   * @author <a href="https://tudelft.nl/staff/p.knoppers-1">Peter Knoppers</a>
   * @author <a href="https://github.com/wjschakel">Wouter Schakel</a>
   */
  public class Injections implements Generator<Duration>, Supplier<String>, GeneratorPositions, RoomChecker
  {
  
      /** Time column id. */
      public static final String TIME_COLUMN = "time";
  
      /** Id column id. */
      public static final String ID_COLUMN = "id";
  
      /** GTU type column id. */
      public static final String GTU_TYPE_COLUMN = "gtuType";
  
      /** Position (on lane) column id. */
      public static final String POSITION_COLUMN = "position";
  
      /** Lane column id. */
      public static final String LANE_COLUMN = "lane";
  
      /** Link column id. */
      public static final String LINK_COLUMN = "link";
  
      /** Speed column id. */
      public static final String SPEED_COLUMN = "speed";
 
     /** Origin column id. */
     public static final String ORIGIN_COLUMN = "origin";
 
     /** Destination column id. */
     public static final String DESTINATION_COLUMN = "destination";
 
     /** Route column id. */
     public static final String ROUTE_COLUMN = "route";
 
     /** Length column id. */
     public static final String LENGTH_COLUMN = "length";
 
     /** Width column id. */
     public static final String WIDTH_COLUMN = "width";
 
     /** Maximum speed column id. */
     public static final String MAX_SPEED_COLUMN = "maxSpeed";
 
     /** Maximum acceleration column id. */
     public static final String MAX_ACCELERATION_COLUMN = "maxAcceleration";
 
     /** Maximum deceleration column id. */
     public static final String MAX_DECELERATION_COLUMN = "maxDeceleration";
 
     /** Front column id. */
     public static final String FRONT_COLUMN = "front";
 
     /** Network. */
     private final Network network;
 
     /** GTU types per their id. */
     private final ImmutableMap<String, GtuType> gtuTypes;
 
     /** Strategical planner factory. */
     private final LaneBasedStrategicalPlannerFactory<?> strategicalPlannerFactory;
 
     /** Critical time-to-collision for GTU placement. */
     private final Duration timeToCollision;
 
     /** Random number stream. */
     private final StreamInterface stream;
 
     /** Stored column numbers for present columns in injection table. */
     private final Map<String, Integer> columnNumbers = new LinkedHashMap<>();
 
     /** Separate iterator to obtain the id, as this is requested asynchronously with the other characteristics. */
     private final Iterator<Row> idIterator;
 
     /** Separate iterator to obtain the speed, as this is requested asynchronously with the other characteristics. */
     private final Iterator<Row> speedIterator;
 
     /** Next speed to generate next GTU with. */
     private Speed nextSpeed;
 
     /** Iterator over all injections. */
     private final Iterator<Row> characteristicsIterator;
 
     /** Current row with characteristics from injection. */
     private Row characteristicsRow;
 
     /** Previous arrival time to calculate inter-arrival time. */
     private Duration previousArrival = Duration.ZERO;
 
     /** Positions per link, lane and position (on lane). */
     private MultiKeyMap<GeneratorLanePosition> lanePositions;
 
     /** All lane positions, returned as {@code GeneratorPositions}. */
     private Set<GeneratorLanePosition> allLanePositions;
 
     /** Cached characteristics generator, to always return the same. */
     private LaneBasedGtuCharacteristicsGenerator characteristicsGenerator;
 
     /** Boolean to check inter-arrival time and characteristics drawing consistency. */
     private boolean readyForCharacteristicsDraw = false;
 
     /**
      * Constructor. Depending on what information is provided in the injections table, some arguments may or should not be
      * {@code null}. In particular:
      * <ul>
      * <li>"time": always required, allows the {@code Injections} to be used as a {@code Generator<Duration>}.</li>
      * <li>"id": allows the {@code Injections} to be used as a {@code Supplier<String>} for GTU ids.</li>
      * <li>"position", "lane", "link": allows the {@code Injections} to be used as a {@code GeneratorPositions}, requires
      * <b>network</b>.</li>
      * <li>"speed": allows the {@code Injections} to be used as a {@code RoomChecker}, requires <b>timeToCollision</b>.</li>
      * <li><i>all other columns</i>: allows the {@code Injections} to be used as a {@code LaneBasedGtuCharacteristicsGenerator}
      * through {@code asLaneBasedGtuCharacteristicsGenerator()}, requires <b>gtuTypes</b>, <b>network</b>,
      * <b>strategicalPlannerFactory</b> and <b>stream</b>.
      * </ul>
      * Time should be in increasing order. If length is provided, but no front, front will be 75% of the length.
      * @param table Table; table with at least a "time" column.
      * @param network Network; network, may be {@code null}.
      * @param gtuTypes ImmutableMap&lt;String, GtuType&gt;; GTU types, as obtained from {@code Definitions}, may be
      *            {@code null}.
      * @param strategicalPlannerFactory LaneBasedStrategicalPlannerFactory&lt;?&gt;; strategical planner factory, may be
      *            {@code null}.
      * @param stream StreamInterface; random number stream, may be {@code null}.
      * @param timeToCollision Duration; critical time-to-collision to allow GTU generation, may be {@code null}.
      * @throws IllegalArgumentException when the right arguments are not provided for the columns in the injection table.
      */
     public Injections(final Table table, final Network network, final ImmutableMap<String, GtuType> gtuTypes,
             final LaneBasedStrategicalPlannerFactory<?> strategicalPlannerFactory, final StreamInterface stream,
             final Duration timeToCollision) throws IllegalArgumentException
     {
         Throw.whenNull(table, "Table may not be null.");
         Table sortedTable = sortTable(table);
         this.idIterator = sortedTable.iterator();
         this.speedIterator = sortedTable.iterator();
         this.characteristicsIterator = sortedTable.iterator();
         this.network = network;
         this.gtuTypes = gtuTypes == null ? new ImmutableLinkedHashMap<>(Collections.emptyMap()) : gtuTypes;
         this.strategicalPlannerFactory = strategicalPlannerFactory;
         this.timeToCollision = timeToCollision;
         this.stream = stream;
 
         sortedTable.getColumns().forEach((c) -> this.columnNumbers.put(c.getId(), sortedTable.getColumnNumber(c)));
         boolean needStrategicalPlannerFactory = checkColumnTypesNeedStrategicalPlannerFactory(sortedTable);
         Throw.when(needStrategicalPlannerFactory && (gtuTypes == null || gtuTypes.isEmpty()), IllegalArgumentException.class,
                 "Injection table contains columns that require GTU types.");
         Throw.when(needStrategicalPlannerFactory && strategicalPlannerFactory == null, IllegalArgumentException.class,
                 "Injection table contains columns that require a strategical planner factory.");
         Throw.when(needStrategicalPlannerFactory && network == null, IllegalArgumentException.class,
                 "Injection table contains columns that require a network.");
         Throw.when(needStrategicalPlannerFactory && stream == null, IllegalArgumentException.class,
                 "Injection table contains columns that require a stream of random numbers.");
         Throw.when(!this.columnNumbers.containsKey(TIME_COLUMN), IllegalArgumentException.class,
                 "Injection table contains no time column.");
 
         createLanePositions(sortedTable);
     }
 
     /**
      * Makes sure the table is sorted by the time column.
      * @param table Table; input table.
      * @return Table; table sorted by time column.
      */
     private static Table sortTable(final Table table)
     {
         int timeColumn = table.getColumnNumber(TIME_COLUMN);
         Iterator<Row> iterator = table.iterator();
         Duration prev = iterator.hasNext() ? (Duration) iterator.next().getValue(timeColumn) : null;
         while (iterator.hasNext())
         {
             Duration next = (Duration) iterator.next().getValue(timeColumn);
             if (next.lt(prev))
             {
                 // data is not in order
                 List<Row> data = new ArrayList<>();
                 for (Row row : table)
                 {
                     data.add(row);
                 }
                 Collections.sort(data, new Comparator<Row>()
                 {
                     /** {@inheritDoc} */
                     @Override
                     public int compare(final Row o1, final Row o2)
                     {
                         return ((Duration) o1.getValue(timeColumn)).compareTo((Duration) o2.getValue(timeColumn));
                     }
                 });
                 ListTable out = new ListTable(table.getId(), table.getDescription(), table.getColumns().toList());
                 for (Row row : data)
                 {
                     out.addRow(row.getValues());
                 }
                 return out;
             }
             prev = next;
         }
         return table;
     }
 
     /**
      * Checks whether all columns have the right value type.
      * @param table Table; injection table.
      * @return boolean; whether columns are present that require a strategical planner factory in order to be processed.
      */
     private boolean checkColumnTypesNeedStrategicalPlannerFactory(final Table table)
     {
         boolean needStrategicalPlannerFactory = false;
         for (Entry<String, Integer> entry : this.columnNumbers.entrySet())
         {
             Class<?> needClass;
             switch (entry.getKey())
             {
                 case TIME_COLUMN:
                     needClass = Duration.class;
                     break;
                 case ID_COLUMN:
                 case LANE_COLUMN:
                 case LINK_COLUMN:
                     needClass = String.class;
                     break;
                 case GTU_TYPE_COLUMN:
                 case ORIGIN_COLUMN:
                 case DESTINATION_COLUMN:
                 case ROUTE_COLUMN:
                     needClass = String.class;
                     needStrategicalPlannerFactory = true;
                     break;
                 case SPEED_COLUMN:
                     needClass = Speed.class;
                     break;
                 case MAX_SPEED_COLUMN:
                     needClass = Speed.class;
                     needStrategicalPlannerFactory = true;
                     break;
                 case POSITION_COLUMN:
                     needClass = Length.class;
                     break;
                 case LENGTH_COLUMN:
                 case WIDTH_COLUMN:
                 case FRONT_COLUMN:
                     needClass = Length.class;
                     needStrategicalPlannerFactory = true;
                     break;
                 case MAX_ACCELERATION_COLUMN:
                 case MAX_DECELERATION_COLUMN:
                     needClass = Acceleration.class;
                     needStrategicalPlannerFactory = true;
                     break;
                 default:
                     Logger.info("Column " + entry.getKey() + " for GTU injection not supported. It is ignored.");
                     needClass = null;
             }
             if (needClass != null)
             {
                 Class<?> columnValueClass = table.getColumn(entry.getValue()).getValueType();
                 Throw.when(!needClass.isAssignableFrom(columnValueClass), IllegalArgumentException.class,
                         "Column %s has value type %s, but type %s is required.", entry.getKey(), columnValueClass, needClass);
             }
         }
         return needStrategicalPlannerFactory;
     }
 
     /**
      * Creates all the lane positions for GTU generation.
      * @param table Table; injection table.
      */
     private void createLanePositions(final Table table)
     {
         if (this.columnNumbers.containsKey(POSITION_COLUMN) && this.columnNumbers.containsKey(LANE_COLUMN)
                 && this.columnNumbers.containsKey(LINK_COLUMN))
         {
             this.lanePositions = new MultiKeyMap<>(String.class, String.class, Length.class);
             this.allLanePositions = new LinkedHashSet<>();
             for (Row row : table)
             {
                 String linkId = (String) row.getValue(this.columnNumbers.get(LINK_COLUMN));
                 Link link = this.network.getLink(linkId);
                 Throw.when(link == null, IllegalArgumentException.class, "Link %s in injections is not in the network.",
                         linkId);
                 Throw.when(!(link instanceof CrossSectionLink), IllegalArgumentException.class,
                         "Injection table contains link that is not a CrossSectionLink.");
 
                 String laneId = (String) row.getValue(this.columnNumbers.get(LANE_COLUMN));
                 // get and sort lanes to get the lane number (1 = right-most lane)
                 List<Lane> lanes = ((CrossSectionLink) link).getLanes();
                 Collections.sort(lanes, new Comparator<Lane>()
                 {
                     /** {@inheritDoc} */
                     @Override
                     public int compare(final Lane o1, final Lane o2)
                     {
                         return o1.getOffsetAtBegin().compareTo(o2.getOffsetAtBegin());
                     }
                 });
                 int laneNumber = 0;
                 for (int i = 0; i < lanes.size(); i++)
                 {
                     if (lanes.get(i).getId().equals(laneId))
                     {
                         laneNumber = i + 1;
                         break;
                     }
                 }
                 Throw.when(laneNumber == 0, IllegalArgumentException.class,
                         "Injection table contains lane %s on link %s, but the link has no such lane.", laneId, linkId);
 
                 Length position = (Length) row.getValue(this.columnNumbers.get(POSITION_COLUMN));
                 Throw.when(position.lt0() || position.gt(lanes.get(laneNumber - 1).getLength()), IllegalArgumentException.class,
                         "Injection table contains position %s on lane %s on link %s, but the position is negative or "
                                 + "beyond the length of the lane.",
                         position, laneId, linkId);
 
                 GeneratorLanePosition generatorLanePosition = new GeneratorLanePosition(laneNumber,
                         new LanePosition(lanes.get(laneNumber - 1), position), (CrossSectionLink) link);
                 if (this.allLanePositions.add(generatorLanePosition))
                 {
                     this.lanePositions.put(generatorLanePosition, linkId, laneId, position);
                 }
             }
         }
         else if (this.columnNumbers.containsKey(POSITION_COLUMN) || this.columnNumbers.containsKey(LANE_COLUMN)
                 || this.columnNumbers.containsKey(LINK_COLUMN))
         {
             // only partial information is provided (if none, we assume the user intends to use an external fixed position)
             // as the user may still use another source for generator positions, we do not throw an exception
             Logger.info("For injections to be used as GeneratorPositions, define a link, lane and position (on lane) column.");
         }
     }
 
     /** {@inheritDoc} */
     @Override
     public String get()
     {
         // This method implements Supplier<String> as an id generator.
         Throw.when(!this.idIterator.hasNext(), NoSuchElementException.class, "No more ids to draw.");
         Throw.when(!this.columnNumbers.containsKey(ID_COLUMN), IllegalStateException.class,
                 "Using Injections as id generator, but the injection table has no id column.");
         return (String) this.idIterator.next().getValue(this.columnNumbers.get(ID_COLUMN));
     }
 
     /**
      * Returns whether the column of given id is present.
      * @param columnId String; column id.
      * @return boolean; whether the column of given id is present.
      */
     public boolean hasColumn(final String columnId)
     {
         return this.columnNumbers.containsKey(columnId);
     }
 
     /** {@inheritDoc} */
     @Override
     public synchronized Duration draw() throws ProbabilityException, ParameterException
     {
         if (!this.characteristicsIterator.hasNext())
         {
             return null; // stops LaneBasedGtuGenerator
         }
         this.characteristicsRow = this.characteristicsIterator.next();
         this.readyForCharacteristicsDraw = true;
         Duration t = (Duration) getCharacteristic(TIME_COLUMN);
         Throw.when(t.lt(this.previousArrival), IllegalStateException.class, "Arrival times in injection not increasing.");
         Duration interArrivalTime = t.minus(this.previousArrival);
         this.previousArrival = t;
         return interArrivalTime;
     }
 
     /**
      * Returns a characteristics generator view of the injections, as used by {@code LaneBasedGtuGenerator}. This requires at
      * the least that a GTU type column, a strategical planner factory, a network, and a stream of random numbers are provided.
      * @return LaneBasedGtuCharacteristicsGenerator; characteristics generator view of the injections.
      */
     public LaneBasedGtuCharacteristicsGenerator asLaneBasedGtuCharacteristicsGenerator()
     {
         if (this.characteristicsGenerator == null)
         {
             Throw.when(!this.columnNumbers.containsKey(GTU_TYPE_COLUMN), IllegalStateException.class,
                     "A GTU type column is required for generation of characteristics.");
 
             this.characteristicsGenerator = new LaneBasedGtuCharacteristicsGenerator()
             {
                 /** Default characteristics, generated as needed. */
                 private GtuCharacteristics defaultCharacteristics;
 
                 /** {@inheritDoc} */
                 @Override
                 public LaneBasedGtuCharacteristics draw() throws ProbabilityException, ParameterException, GtuException
                 {
                     synchronized (Injections.this)
                     {
                         Throw.when(Injections.this.characteristicsRow == null, IllegalStateException.class,
                                 "Must draw inter-arrival time before drawing GTU characteristics.");
                         Throw.when(!Injections.this.readyForCharacteristicsDraw, IllegalStateException.class,
                                 "Should not draw GTU characteristics again before inter-arrival time was drawn in between.");
                         Injections.this.readyForCharacteristicsDraw = false;
                         GtuType gtuType = Injections.this.gtuTypes.get((String) getCharacteristic(GTU_TYPE_COLUMN));
 
                         Length length = (Length) assureCharacteristic(LENGTH_COLUMN, gtuType, (g) -> g.getLength());
                         Length width = (Length) assureCharacteristic(WIDTH_COLUMN, gtuType, (g) -> g.getWidth());
                         Speed maxSpeed = (Speed) assureCharacteristic(MAX_SPEED_COLUMN, gtuType, (g) -> g.getMaximumSpeed());
                         Acceleration maxAcceleration = (Acceleration) assureCharacteristic(MAX_ACCELERATION_COLUMN, gtuType,
                                 (g) -> g.getMaximumAcceleration());
                         Acceleration maxDeceleration = (Acceleration) assureCharacteristic(MAX_DECELERATION_COLUMN, gtuType,
                                 (g) -> g.getMaximumDeceleration());
                         this.defaultCharacteristics = null; // reset for next draw
                         Length front = Injections.this.columnNumbers.containsKey(FRONT_COLUMN)
                                 ? (Length) getCharacteristic(FRONT_COLUMN) : length.times(0.75);
                         GtuCharacteristics characteristics = new GtuCharacteristics(gtuType, length, width, maxSpeed,
                                 maxAcceleration, maxDeceleration, front);
 
                         Route route = Injections.this.columnNumbers.containsKey(ROUTE_COLUMN)
                                 ? (Route) Injections.this.network.getRoute((String) getCharacteristic(ROUTE_COLUMN)) : null;
                         Node origin = Injections.this.columnNumbers.containsKey(ORIGIN_COLUMN)
                                 ? (Node) Injections.this.network.getNode((String) getCharacteristic(ORIGIN_COLUMN)) : null;
                         Node destination = Injections.this.columnNumbers.containsKey(DESTINATION_COLUMN)
                                 ? (Node) Injections.this.network.getNode((String) getCharacteristic(DESTINATION_COLUMN)) : null;
                         return new LaneBasedGtuCharacteristics(characteristics, Injections.this.strategicalPlannerFactory,
                                 route, origin, destination, VehicleModel.MINMAX);
                     }
                 }
 
                 /**
                  * Tries to obtain a column value. If it is not provided, takes the value from generated default
                  * characteristics.
                  * @param column String; characteristic column name.
                  * @param gtuType GtuType; GTU type of the GTU to be generated.
                  * @param supplier Function&lt;GtuCharacteristics, ?&gt;; takes value from default characteristics.
                  * @return Object; object value for the characteristic.
                  * @throws GtuException; if there are no default characteristics for the GTU type, but these are required.
                  */
                 private Object assureCharacteristic(final String column, final GtuType gtuType,
                         final Function<GtuCharacteristics, ?> supplier) throws GtuException
                 {
                     if (Injections.this.columnNumbers.containsKey(column))
                     {
                         return getCharacteristic(column);
                     }
                     if (this.defaultCharacteristics == null)
                     {
                         this.defaultCharacteristics =
                                 GtuType.defaultCharacteristics(gtuType, Injections.this.network, Injections.this.stream);
                     }
                     return supplier.apply(this.defaultCharacteristics);
                 }
             };
         }
         return this.characteristicsGenerator;
     }
 
     /** {@inheritDoc} */
     @Override
     public GeneratorLanePosition draw(final GtuType gtuType, final LaneBasedGtuCharacteristics characteristics,
             final Map<CrossSectionLink, Map<Integer, Integer>> unplaced) throws GtuException
     {
         Throw.when(this.lanePositions == null, IllegalStateException.class,
                 "Injection table without position, lane and link column cannot be used to draw generator positions.");
         String link = (String) getCharacteristic(LINK_COLUMN);
         String lane = (String) getCharacteristic(LANE_COLUMN);
         Length position = (Length) getCharacteristic(POSITION_COLUMN);
         return this.lanePositions.get(link, lane, position);
     }
 
     /** {@inheritDoc} */
     @Override
     public Set<GeneratorLanePosition> getAllPositions()
     {
         Throw.when(this.lanePositions == null, IllegalStateException.class,
                 "Injection table without position, lane and link column cannot be used to draw generator positions.");
         return this.allLanePositions;
     }
 
     /**
      * Returns placement for injected GTUs, as used by {@code LaneBasedGtuGenerator}. This needs speed to be provided in the
      * injections, and a minimum time-to-collision value. Besides the time-to-collision value, the minimum headway for a
      * successful placement is t*v + 3m, where t = 1s and v the generation speed.
      * @param leaders SortedSet&lt;HeadwayGtu&gt;; leaders, usually 1, possibly more after a branch
      * @param characteristics LaneBasedGtuCharacteristics; characteristics of the proposed new GTU
      * @param since Duration; time since the GTU wanted to arrive
      * @param initialPosition LanePosition; initial position
      * @return Speed; maximum safe speed, or null if a GTU with the specified characteristics cannot be placed at the current
      *         time
      * @throws NetworkException this method may throw a NetworkException if it encounters an error in the network structure
      * @throws GtuException on parameter exception
      */
     @Override
     public Placement canPlace(final SortedSet<HeadwayGtu> leaders, final LaneBasedGtuCharacteristics characteristics,
             final Duration since, final LanePosition initialPosition) throws NetworkException, GtuException
     {
         Throw.when(!this.columnNumbers.containsKey(SPEED_COLUMN), IllegalStateException.class,
                 "Injection table without speed cannot be used to determine a GTU placement.");
         Throw.when(this.timeToCollision == null, IllegalStateException.class,
                 "Injections used to place GTUs, but no acceptable time-to-collision is provided.");
         if (this.nextSpeed == null)
         {
             Throw.when(!this.speedIterator.hasNext(), NoSuchElementException.class, "No more speed to draw.");
             this.nextSpeed = (Speed) this.speedIterator.next().getValue(this.columnNumbers.get(SPEED_COLUMN));
         }
         if (leaders.isEmpty())
         {
             // no leaders: free
             Placement placement = new Placement(this.nextSpeed, initialPosition);
             this.nextSpeed = null;
             return placement;
         }
         HeadwayGtu leader = leaders.first();
         if ((this.nextSpeed.le(leader.getSpeed())
                 || leader.getDistance().divide(this.nextSpeed.minus(leader.getSpeed())).gt(this.timeToCollision))
                 && leader.getDistance()
                         .gt(this.nextSpeed.times(new Duration(1.0, DurationUnit.SI)).plus(new Length(3.0, LengthUnit.SI))))
         {
             Placement placement = new Placement(this.nextSpeed, initialPosition);
             this.nextSpeed = null;
             return placement;
         }
         return Placement.NO;
     }
 
     /**
      * Shorthand to retrieve a column value from the current characteristics row.
      * @param column String; characteristic column name.
      * @return Object; object value for the characteristic.
      */
     private Object getCharacteristic(final String column)
     {
         return this.characteristicsRow.getValue(this.columnNumbers.get(column));
     }
 
 }